Gaza and the West Bank
PDF VersionAccess to Internet in the Palestinian territories remains relatively open, although social filtering of sexually explicit content has recently been implemented in Gaza. Internet in the West Bank remains almost entirely unfiltered, save for a single news Web site that was banned for about six months. Media freedom is constrained in Gaza and the West Bank by the political upheaval and internal conflict as well as by the Israeli occupation and forces.
Results At A Glance
FILTERING | No evidence of filtering | Suspected filtering | Selective filtering | Substantial filtering | Pervasive filtering |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Political | |||||
Social | |||||
Conflict/Security | |||||
Internet tools |
OTHER FACTORS | Not Applicable | Low | Medium | High |
---|---|---|---|---|
Transparency | ||||
Consistency |
Key Indicators
worst | best | ||
---|---|---|---|
Life expectancy at birth (years) | 73 | ||
Literacy rate (% of people age 15+) | 94.1 | ||
Human Development Index (out of 182 countries) | 110 | ||
Rule of Law (scale of 0-5) | 2.1 | ||
Voice and Accountability (scale of 0-5) | 1.5 | ||
EIU Democracy Index (out of 167 countries) | 85 | ||
Digital Opportunity Index (out of 181 countries) | 98 | ||
Internet users (% of population) | 8.3 |
Background
In 1993, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) and Israel signed the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements (also known as the Oslo Accords), providing for a five-year interim government until permanent settlement is reached.1 Since then, however, a peace agreement has not been reached due to disputes over major issues such as the status of Jerusalem, the right of return of Palestinian refugees, and Jewish settlements in the West Bank. As a result, the West Bank continues to be occupied by Israel, while Israel ended their occupation of the Gaza Strip in 2005.2
In 2006 Hamas, an Islamic political party and armed resistance movement, won 42.9 percent of the vote in the Palestinian parliamentary elections,3 resulting in violent clashes between Hamas and Fatah, the center-left Palestinian political party that remains in power in the West Bank today. As a result of Hamas’ victory and its subsequent rejection by several countries as a legitimate governing body, a series of sanctions were implemented, which the World Bank reports further widened the economic gap between Gaza and the West Bank.4 According to the CIA Factbook, “high population density, limited land access, and strict internal and external security controls have kept economic conditions in the Gaza Strip even more degraded than in the West Bank.”5
Human Rights Watch blames the human rights crisis in the Israeli-occupied territories on Israeli’s seizure of the Gaza Strip and restrictions on freedom of movement in the occupied territories, the indiscriminate firing of rockets on Israeli towns by Hamas, and on the “serious abuses” by the Palestinian factions Fatah and Hamas of each other’s supporters.6
Although international watchdogs regard the media as being generally more independent than in much of the Arab World, self-censorship is prevalent, as Palestinian and foreign journalists working in the Palestinian territories are exposed to restrictions by both the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and the Palestinian factions.7
Internet in Gaza and the West Bank
The effects of the occupation, including Israel’s severe closure policies, have led to a consistent decline in the socioeconomic conditions of Palestinians, creating underdevelopment, unemployment, and general poverty, particularly in Gaza. Despite these challenges, however, both the West Bank and Gaza continue to have two of the most literate populations in the world – a factor in the surprisingly high number of Internet users for a conflict zone, with Internet penetration and connectivity rates (approximately 6.7 percent as of 20088) that far exceed that of other conflict zones.9
Established by the Palestinian Authority, PalTel is the main telecom operator in the Palestinian territories, and provides Internet services including wireless, dialup/ISDN and ASDL connections, FrameRelays and leased line connections, as well as Internet Web hosting and domain name services.10 A subsidiary of PalTel, Hadara, is a facilities-based ISP that offers its customers both ADSL and Internet access. It additionally provides access to its Internet facilities to approximately 20-25 Palestinian ISPs, all of which act as resellers of Hadara’s capacity due to their own lack of infrastructure or facilities.11
The telecom market in the Palestinian territories faces a number of challenges. For example, there are restrictions on what equipment can be imported. Businesses reported that Israel does not allow the importation of equipment such as GPS devices for security reasons.12 Palestine does not have a direct connection to the Internet infrastructure, and Internet services go through an Israeli service provider.13
A recent poll found that 96 percent of the Palestinians have a telephone, 57 percent live in a household with a computer, and 32 percent have Internet access.14
Life under the occupation and in an often-violent environment where there are restrictions on movement has produced conditions for homegrown online activism and non-violent resistance.15 Some Palestinians have organized online campaigns in support of current U.S. President Barack Obama.16 Interestingly, some Palestinian computer engineers and Israeli entrepreneurs manage to defy the barriers between the Palestinian territories and Israel and jointly establish software businesses using the Internet as a means of communication.17
On the other hand, Palestinians and Israelis have accused each other of hacking into each other’s Web sites. In August 2009, Israeli political party Kadima’s Web site was hacked, and images of wounded Palestinians were posted to it, forcing Kadima to temporarily shut down the site.18 In June of 2008, Israeli hackers were accused of hacking into several Palestinian sites, including that of Arab nationalist party Balad, adding the Israeli flag and lyrics to the Israeli national anthem.19
Internet cafés and other entertainment outlets in Gaza have been attacked by radical Islamic groups under the pretext that they corrupt the morality of young Palestinians.20
Legal and regulatory framework
Media in the Palestinian territories is regulated by the 1995 Press Law, which states, “no security agency has any right to question, interrogate, detain, incarcerate or arrest a journalist on matters pertaining to his work.”21 However, according to press freedom organization Article 19, the law imposes “extensive restrictions and conditions on freedom of the press” and includes provisions that are not “compatible with Palestine’s international obligations to respect and protect freedom of expression.”22
Press freedom watchdog groups have reported various violations against the media, particularly in Gaza, a situation worsened by the conflict between Hamas and Fatah. The Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms (MADA) says, “[t]his deterioration of the freedom of media in the Palestinian territories is a reflection of the continued tension between the Fatah and Hamas movements.”23 Reported violations include arrests, arbitrary detentions of journalists, and confiscation of their equipment.24 Reporters Without Borders says that journalists in the Palestinian territories are “paying the price of the political tension between the different Palestinian factions.”25
In July 2009, Al Jazeera Television’s West Bank office was suspended from work by the Palestinian Authority for allegedly promoting and publishing false news. The Authority’s decision to suspend and sue the TV channel came after the TV station broadcast a statement made by a senior Palestinian political figure who accused the Palestinian Authority Leader Mahmoud Abbas and a former security official of complicity in poisoning late Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat.26 The authority cancelled the suspension decision later in the month but said it would still file a lawsuit against the TV network.27
Additionally, press freedom watchdogs have reported violations committed by the Israeli occupying forces against media workers in the Palestinian territories where journalists and have been detained and harassed by the Israeli forces.28 Media freedom advocacy group The Palestinian Center for Development and Media Freedoms has called upon the international community to put pressure on the government of Israel to cease its violations of freedom of speech in Palestine.29
The Palestine Journalists Syndicate (PJS) has said that, “Israeli forces have targeted vehicles and journalists who were clearly identified as such, with ‘Press’ or ‘TV’ markings.”30 Following Israel’s offensive against Hamas in Gaza in January 2009, the International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) accused Israel of targeting Palestinian media and banning foreign media from accessing Gaza.31 IFJ has also condemned Israel for attacking a television station in Gaza during the conflict.32
In regard to telecom regulations, the Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technologies (MTIT) was established to create a legal and legislative framework, and implement policies and procedures for fair and transparent partnerships, in order to build “the information society in Palestine as a tool for economic and social development.”33 On the other hand, the Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority (PNINA) was established in 2003 “to formulate the necessary registration policies for the .ps domain and to set appropriate policies for enhancing Internet usage in Palestine.”34
Surveillance
ONI found no evidence of Internet surveillance within the Palestinian territories.
ONI testing results
ONI conducted 2008-2009 Internet filtering testing using PalTel from Gaza and the West Bank. Initial tests showed no evidence of technical filtering from either location.
In May 2008, news sites reported that Hamas officials had asked PalTel to block access to pornographic Web sites within Gaza, citing an aim to “protect the Palestinian community from cultural pollution.” Gaza’s Ministry of Communications reported that PalTel had agreed to the arrangement.35
Approximately one month after this development, ONI ran new tests via PalTel in Gaza and the West Bank. While results from within the West Bank continued to show no evidence of filtering, tests run within Gaza revealed that PalTel had indeed implemented filtering targeting sexually explicit Web sites.
Only one Web site has ever been known to be filtered within the West Bank. In November 2008, online news site Electronic Intifada (electronicintifada.net) reported that the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank had blocked access to Gaza-based news Web site Donia al-Watan (www.alwatanvoice.com) “because of the site's reporting on widespread corruption among the entourage of PA President Mahmoud Abbas.”36 The site added that users trying to access the blocked Web site encounter the message saying, “We are sorry, the site was blocked based on attorney General instructions [sic].”37
ONI verified that access to the Web site Donia al-Watan was in fact blocked from the West Bank, but that the site remained accessible for users from Gaza. The Web site reported in April 2009 that Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas had given instructions to the Prosecutor General to lift the ban on accessing the site.38
Conclusion
Despite their deteriorating economies and deficient infrastructures, Gaza and the West Bank have Internet penetration and connectivity rates that far exceed those of other conflict zones. However, Palestinians have access to a fractured Web: users in Gaza are prevented from accessing sexually explicit content, while users in the West Bank have largely unfettered access to the Internet.
Although only a single news site has ever been reported blocked in the West Bank, this censorship and the social filtering in Gaza indicate that Hamas and the Palestinian Authority have limited tolerance to certain types of online content.
Overall, media freedom continues to be constrained in Gaza and the West Bank by political upheaval and internal conflict as well as by the Israeli occupation and forces.
- 1. United Nations Development Programme, “Programme on Governance in the Arab Region: Occupied Palestinian Territories In Brief,” http://www.pogar.org/countries/country.aspx?cid=14.
- 2. BBC News, “Country profile: Israel and Palestinian territories,” March 31, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/803257.stm.
- 3. Steven Erlanger and Greg Myre, “Counting Underway in Palestinian Elections,” The New York Times, January 25, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/25/world/africa/25iht-web.0125pals.html?_r=1.
- 4. The World Bank, “West Bank & Gaza Country Brief,” 2008, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/WESTBANKGAZAE....
- 5. CIA World Factbook, “Gaza Strip,” https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html.
- 6. Human Rights Watch, “World Report 2009: Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT),” http://www.hrw.org/en/node/79235.
- 7. BBC News, “Country profile: Israel and Palestinian territories,” March 31, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/803257.stm.
- 8. International Telecommunications Union, “ITU Internet Indicators 2008,” http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/icteye/Reporting/ShowReportFrame.aspx?ReportNam....
- 9. The World Bank, “Introducing Competition in the Palestinian Communications Sector,” January 2008, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/294264-1166....
- 10. PalNet, “About Us,” http://www.palnet.com/about_us/about_us.php.
- 11. The World Bank, “Introducing Competition in the Palestinian Communications Sector,” January 2008, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/294264-1166....
- 12. Qi Xianghui, “Telecom companies eager to explore Palestinian market despite obstacles,” Xinhua News Agency, November 6, 2008, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-11/06/content_10319005.htm.
- 13. United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), “National Profile for the Information Society in Palestine,” www.escwa.un.org/wsis/reports/docs/Palestine_2005-E.pdf.
- 14. “Ma'an Poll: 61% of Palestinians optimistic about Hamas-Fatah unity,” Ma'an News Agency, June 17, 2009, http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=211298.
- 15. Don Duncan, “E-Palestine: Palestinian Youth Bring Their Politics Online,” Time, October 29, 2008, http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1854671,00.html.
- 16. “Gaza student campaigns for Obama via Internet,” USA Today, October 28, 2008, http://www.usatoday.com/news/politics/election2008/2008-10-28-obama-camp....
- 17. Joseph Krauss, “High-tech Israeli-Palestinian firm defies barriers,” AFP, July 14, 2009, http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gSTmR3hML4IuniHKuKHjr....
- 18. “Hackers attack Israeli party site,” BBC News, August 6, 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8187002.stm.
- 19. Mohammed Mar’i, “Israelis hack pro-Palestinian websites,” Arab News, June 27, 2008, http://www.arabnews.com/?page=4§ion=0&article=111279.
- 20. Saud Abu Ramadan, “Gaza movie house owner becomes vegetable vendor,” Xinhua News Agency, July 26, 2009, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/26/content_11772664.htm.
- 21. United Nations Development Programme, “Programme on Governance in the Arab Region,
Country Theme: Civil Society: Occupied Palestinian Territories,” http://www.pogar.org/countries/theme.aspx?cid=14&t=2; Full text of the Press Law available on the Web site of the Ministry of Information [Arabic], http://www.minfo.gov.ps/Docs/printing%20law.doc. - 22. Article 19, “Memorandum: ARTICLE 19, the International Centre Against Censorship and The Centre for Media Freedom in the Middle East and North Africa on the 1995 Press Law of the Palestinian National Authority,” June 1999, http://www.article19.org/pdfs/analysis/palestine.prs.99.pdf.
- 23. “Three journalists arrested in separate incidents,” IFEX, July 7, 2009, http://www.ifex.org/palestine/2009/07/07/journalists_arrested/.
- 24. International Federation of Journalists, “IFJ Condemns Crackdown against Media in Palestine,” June 26, 2009, http://www.ifj.org/en/articles/ifj-condemns-media-crackdown-against-medi....
- 25. “More journalists arrested as a result of tension between Palestinian factions,” Reporters Without Borders, May 29, 2009, http://arabia.reporters-sans-frontieres.org/article.php3?id_article=31459.
- 26. “Al-Jazeera suspended in the West Bank,” Committee to Protect Journalists, July 15, 2009, http://cpj.org/2009/07/al-jazeera-suspended-in-the-west-bank.php.
- 27. “Al-Jazeera suspension in West Bank lifted,” IFEX, July 22, 2009, http://www.ifex.org/palestine/2009/07/22/al-jazeera_suspension_lifted/.
- 28. “Israeli forces detain, harass journalists,” IFEX, July 17, 2009, http://www.ifex.org/palestine/2009/07/17/watan_tv_crew_harassed/.
- 29. Ibid.
- 30. “Cameraman dies as result of air strike while filming in Gaza,” IFEX, January 7, 2009, http://www.ifex.org/algeria/2009/01/07/cameraman_dies_as_result_of_air/.
- 31. “Reporter detained, media targeted by military forces,” IFEX, December 29, 2008, http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/99553.
- 32. “Israeli fighter planes destroy television station offices,” IFEX, December 29, 2008, http://www.ifex.org/palestine/2008/12/29/israeli_fighter_planes_destroy/.
- 33. Ministry of Telecom and Information Technology, Palestine: http://www.mtit.gov.ps/.
- 34. Palestinian National Internet Naming Authority, http://www.nic.ps/about/about.html.
- 35. “Hamas bans pornographic websites in Gaza Strip,” Reuters, May 19, 2008, http://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL1920867720080519.
- 36. “Ramallah Palestinian Authority blocks website reporting on corruption,” The Electronic Intifada, November 18, 2008, http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article9972.shtml.
- 37. Ibid.
- 38. Donia Al-Watan [Arabic], http://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/content-137395.html.